Hittite Anaphora: Two Case Studies

ARCHIV ORIENTÁLNÍ 84, 2016 • 75

Hittite  Anaphora:  Two  Case  Studies1 Andrej  V.  Sideltsev

1.  INTRODUCTION Anaphora  in  Hittite  has  been  the  subject  of  numerous  studies.2  The  basic  facts  are   that  Hittite  possesses  enclitic  pronouns,  stressed  pronouns  and  full  NPs  to  refer   to  an  entity  present  in  the  previous  stretch  of  discourse.  The  simplest  rule  is  that   the  enclitic  pronouns  are  used  if  the  referent  of  the  entity  is  an  established  topic   in  information  structure  terms,  whereas  stressed  pronouns  and  full  NPs  are  made   use  of  if  there  are  several  topics  in  the  previous  stretch  of  discourse,  if  there  is  a   discourse  node  or  if  some  additional  factors  are  present.3 However,  there  are  two  aspects  of  Hittite  anaphora  which,  until  now,  have  been   written   off   as   occasional   slips   or   performance   errors.  These   are   (a)   immediate   anaphora  after  first  mention,  i.e.,  when  a  full  NP  or  a  stressed  pronoun  +  full  NP   appears  instead  of  the  expected  enclitic  pronoun  which  could  do  the  job  perfectly   well,  (b)  a  non-­standard  anaphoric  relationship  between  the  relative  phrase  and   its   correlate   in   relative   clauses.  The   paper   will   deal   with   these   two   topics   and   demonstrate   that   rather   than   being   slips,   they   are   of   broader   significance   for   Hittitology  and  cross-­linguistic  studies.

I   wish   to   thank   the   audience   at   the   9th   International   Congress   of   Hittitology,   particularly   P.   Goedegebuure  and  Craig  Melchert,  for  their  critical  feedback  on  the  first  part  of  the  paper.  I   am  also  grateful  to  S.  Patri  for  reading  the  manuscript  and  providing  valuable  criticism.  Special   gratitude  goes  to  O.  Belyaev  for  discussing  with  me  the  typology  of  correlatives  and  bridging.   The  ideas  in  part  2  of  the  paper  go  back  to  his  insights.  I  thank  Ph.  Probert  for  sharing  her  work   with  me  prior  to  its  publication.  Two  anonymous  reviewers  also  helped  to  improve  the  paper   considerably.  The  author  did  not  always  follow  their  suggestions  and  remains  solely  responsible   for  any  error  of  fact  or  interpretation.  The  paper  was  supported  by  grant  RNF  No  14-­18-­03270. 2   See,   most   recently,   Petra   Goedegebuure,   The   use   of   demonstratives   in   Hittite;;   Sylvain   Patri,   “Les  pronoms  clitiques  sujets  en  Hittite”  with  further  references. 3   For   which   now   see   Petra   Goedegebuure,   The   use   of   demonstratives   in   Hittite,   with   further   references. 1  

ArOr – Issue 84.1 ISSN 0044-8699 © 2016 Oriental Institute (CAS), Prague

76 • ANDREJ V. SIDELTSEV

2.  IMMEDIATE  ANAPHORA  AFTER  FIRST  MENTION 2.1      Syntactic  Marking  of  Immediate  Anaphora  after  First  Mention  in   Hittite   A  very  clear  description  of  immediate  anaphora  after  first  mention  is  provided  by   Goedegebuure: When  a  referent  is  introduced  into  the  discourse  as  locally  or  globally  thematically   prominent,  it  is  often  referred  to  after  this  first  mention  by  means  of  a  demonstrative   expression  …  This  is  especially  common  in  languages  that  lack  a  definite  article.   The  function  of  such  a  demonstrative  expression  is  to  establish  the  referent  more   firmly  in  the  discourse.4 [I]t  seems  that  the  principle  behind  Immediate  Anaphora  after  first  mention  by  means   of   demonstratives   is   that   the   clause   containing   the   demonstrative   noun   phrase   is   thematically  not  fully  connected  with  the  preceding  clause.  In  order  to  restore  discourse   coherence  a  demonstrative  noun  phrase  –  a  Tail-­Head  linking  device  in  disguise  –  can   be  used,  even  if  the  referent  of  that  phrase  is  highly  salient  and  already  expected  to   become  the  discourse  and  sentence  topic.  On  discourse  level,  the  initial  clause  is  the   introduction  or  announcement,  after  which  the  true  story  starts.5

In  her  study  Goedegebuure  quotes  several  cases  of  immediate  anaphora  after   first  mention  being  marked  by  the  demonstrative  phrase  in  Hittite:6

    6   7   4 5

(1)                

  NH/NS  CTH  380)  KBo    4.6    obv.    15’–17’7   1.  nu  PANI  DINGIRLIM  EN