INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON Bali, Indonesia, June 1ST – 6TH , 2014
ENHANCING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DAM MANAGEMENT (PREPAIRING EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN) USING VISUAL COMMUNICATION MEDIA CONCEPT (Case Study : Krisak Dam, Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia) Juliastuti Civil Engineering Department, Bina Nusantara University,Jakarta, Indonesia
[email protected]
Sari Wulandari Visual Communication Design Department, Bina Nusantara University,Jakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT Dam performance degradation that also affects dam safety is related with a well-known problem, which is change of land use both upstream and downstream, and lack of care from the society to take care the area surrounding the dam. However, the local rules say that society have the same right to take place in dam building and maintenance. So, we need to have an activity that involves the society around it. Much of the program that involves society around it has been done in DOISP (Dam Operational and Improvement Safety Program) that have purpose to maintain the dam itself and water catchment area and to educate the society itself so they could help in maintaining both of them. Beside that for preparing if the dam collapse, using information and knowledge of both profile and characteristics of a dam collapse scenario, to know the action for preparing before the disaster, what to do at the disaster itself, and disaster recovery efforts. Then we need to socialize to the society about this disaster scenario using integrated information, from government to people, both in content and method of distribution, so when the disaster itself happens, everyone already have that awareness and preparedness, reducing disaster casualties. For that we need to have visual communication design team to help us make the information itself, to persuade people, give understanding, give the information, even make signs on the field so people could identify the problem fast and exact, especially when the disaster happens. This paper will explain one of the Emergency Action Plan which already been done to society around Krisak Dam, that based on Dam Break Analysis calculation they created a Emergency Action Plan guideline using visual communication media concept. Keywords: Emergency Action Plan, Visual Communication Design, Dam Break Analysis
1. INTRODUCTION
Based on the Government Regulation of Indonesia number 37 of 2010 on Large Dam (PP 37/2010) which refers to the ICOLD Regulation (International Committee on Large Dam) : every dam required to have Emergency Action Plan (EAP). The purpose of the EAP is to minimize the risk of loss of life and property which may be caused by dam break which would cause flooding in downstream areas which have population higher than upstream areas. The EAP will be socialized to every stakeholders including people that live around dam which are potential to be victims when dam break happen. Thus the public eventualy need to have been given by information and knowledge about disaster that might happen, preparation in facing of disaster, the action to be taken when disaster occurs as well as how to handle it. The information has to be socialized to the community through an integrated and systemic information, between public and Governments that are represented by the BPBD (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah), both in content and ways of distributing information so that when disasters happen all parties have vigilance and readiness. In the socialization, Visual Communication Design play important roles in order to give information, education, urge people in persuasive way, even make a field marker system so that the public can identify the information easily, quickly and precisely, especially when disasters occur. 2. THE ROLE OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION DESIGN IN CREATING
INFORMATION MEDIA TO SUPPORT EAP For EAP purpose, Visual Communication Design used information design which presenting information in a way that fosters efficient and effective understanding of it. The term has come to be used specifically for graphic design for displaying information effectively, rather than just attractively or for artistic expression. Information design is closely related to the field of data visualization and is often taught as part of graphic design courses. Some of Visual Communication Design convey message by graphic design. It takes graphics because they communicatie preverbally. Viewers see and get them before they ever read a word. In fact graphics may be all that foreign, illiterate, or even busy or stressed viewer get, so they depend on universal images that tell the story without words. Other viewers use their first graphic impression to make the decision. Map is one of various forms of information design media which use graphic. In the Information Design discussed some of the principles which include Cognitive Principles, principles of communication, Aesthetic Principles, so the factors that can affect successful a information design can be optimized. Information Design created to help explain things and use language, typography, graphic design, systems and business process improvement as a tool. It is important to make integrated information system that involves several media that will support each other according to their functions. A leaflet that contains a map of the evacuation and other informations regarding anything that need to be prepared in the
face of a disaster and what to do when a disaster occurs, will support a directional sign which serve people to go into a safe place. 3. DESIGN CONCEPT IN MAKING VISUAL COMMUNICATION MATERIAL
FOR EAP These are some stages to make the concept of visual communication material which will be used to disseminate EAP: - Bathimetry and Tachimetry survey - Topography survey - Hydrology analysis - Dam Break Analysis - Innudation map - Social Economic survey - EAP Draft - Consult with stakeholder (goverment, community leaders, BPBD and others ) - Approval Draft - Making leaflet and animation - Dissemination 4. CASE STUDY 4.1 Krisak Dam
The Krisak Dam is located in the Singodutan Village, Wonogiri District, Central Java Province, ± 8 km southeast of Solo. Krisak Dam is the aging dam in Indonesia because it was built 1943. Thats why the risk of dam break is higher than the other dam. The area of watershed Krisak dam is ± 3,46 km2. Currently the dam is managed by the Central River Region (BBWS) Bengawan Solo and Central Water Resources Managament (Balai PSDA) Bengawan Solo. The type of dam is homegenous earth dam to purpose for irrigation. At downstream is a residential areas. Livelihood of the population is primarily farming.
Figure 1. Krisak Dam Location
Technical data of Krisak dam are follows:
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General - Location Village/District - Regency - Province - Benefits - Year of Construction - Manager - Catchment Area - Annual Rainfall Reservoir - Flood Water Elevation - Normal Water Elevation - Minimum Water Elevation - Volume Reservoir on: - Dead Storage - Effective Storage Dam - Type - Height - Length - Width - Crest Elevation Spillway - Type - Flood Design (PMF) - Elevation - Length Instrumentation - Piezometer
: Singodutan : Wonogiri : Central Java : Irigation 1.500 ha : 1943 : Balai PSDA/BBWS Bengawan Solo : 3.46 km2 : 1.900 mm : El.+ 113,75 m : El.+ 113,50 m, 3.72 million m3 : El.+ 102.92 m : 1,025 million m3 : 2,692 million m3 : Homogenous Earth Dam : 20 m : 350 m :5m : El.+ 114,50 m : Free flow Ogee :: El.+ 113,50 m : 33 m : 28 Unit, hydraulic
Figure 2 Cross Section
4.2 Existing Condition
In 1998, the elevation of crest dam is become 115.50 WSL (the original of elevation crest dam is 114.5 WSL . Based on the hidrology study, the spillway can reduse discharge from 136.46 m3/s to 62 m2/s. All piezometer have broken. V Notch need to be improved and no lighting. The capacity of resevoir is to reduse from 3.72 million m3 to 2.55 million m3 because of sedimentation.
Crest Dam
Downstream
Outlet
Spillway
Figure 3. Existing Condition
4.3 Dam Break Analysis
Dam break analysis would lead to the occurrence of flash floods in the downstream area of dam. In order to guide the preparation of Emergency Action Plan Krisak Dam, the areas expected to be affected by flooding would be mapped. Map of flooding Krisak collapse will be made in several possible mechanisms and conditions of the collapse of the dam, so that it can be seen flooding the greatest impact, which will be designated as a flood inundation map Krisak Dam. Impacts do not occur at the same flooding from one area to another area, so the flood map will be divided into multiple zones based on the depth of the flood hazard area. In addition to the flooding maps will be posted information about the arrival time along the river. Preparation of flood maps consists of three activities: - analysis of dam collapse - inundation maps - evacuation route
Some activities that should be carried out to make a guide for Preparation Emergency Action Plan are : - Topography and Tachimetry Analysis - Hidrology Analysis - Dam Break Analysis
Hidrograf Banjir Waduk Krisak(Metode Nakayasu) 160,00 140,00
QPMF, Qp = 136,46 m3/dt
120,00
Q1000, Qp = 37,18 m3/dt Debit (m3/dt)
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Q100, Qp = 31,79 m3/dt 80,00
Q25, Qp = 24,95 m3/dt 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00 0
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Waktu (jam)
Figure 4 Situation Map Krisak Dam (Based on measurement and calculation)
Figure 5 Krisak Dam Hydrograph (Based on calculation)
The analysis of dam break is performed by a variety of alternative conditions that can cause the collapse of the dam, while the parameters condition are: - At the top of dam elevation (on the overtopping) - At lower, the middle and upper dam elevation (on the piping) Analysis of the collapse of the dam using a standard formula that is used in Indonesia (including the metric unit used). For calculations using a software Zhongxing-HY21. a. Overtopping To evaluate overtopping, the modelling based on reservoir routing dam. Reservoir routing of Dam Krisak based on the PMF Q = 136.46 m3/sec. b. Piping To evaluate piping, the modelling consist 2 (two) conditions, i.e normal condition and the PMF conditions. In each of these conditions, will be analyzed at three (3) approximate locations piping : at the bottom of the dam, middle and the upper of the dam. c. Result As has been explained that the analysis of the collapse of the Krisak Dam reviewed based on overtopping for PMF condition, and piping, which under normal condition and the PMF condition. From the analysis using software Zhongxing-HY21, known maximum flood height due to collapse of the Krisak dam along the downstream dam for PMF, both due to overtopping and piping is 3.50 m. This results ( for two conditions) are not much different, only the collapse models are different. As for the piping , the maximum flood height due to collapse of the Krisak Dam along the downstream dam is 2.10 m. The result of overtopping calculation results can be seen in the figure below:
2 hour
5 hour
3 hour
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15 hour 10 hour Figure 6 Dam Break due to Overtopping
Figure 7. Inundation Map due to Overtopping (Arrival)
Figure 8. Inundation Map due to Overtopping (Receding)
Based on dam break analysis and social survey , the risk areas of flooding covering 4 villages : Singodutan, Kaliancar, Gemantar and Jaten which time of arrival, recending time, distance and risk population can be see at Table 1.
Table 1. The Risk Area of Flooding
4.4 Evacuation Route
To determine the evacuation route is based on the inundation map of dam break, where the determination of the path is based on capacity, distance, elevation , transportation and social-economic survey (see table 2 and Fig. 9). Table 2. Evacuation Location
Figure 9. Evacuation Route
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COMMUNICATION VISUAL CONCEPT FOR DISSEMINATION EAP GUIDE
In order to socialize the EAP to the community, they certainly needs to know in advance the situation and conditions of the environment where they live. They understand the importance of EAP, what is important to prepare, and not lose the orientation when the disaster occurred. Therefore need to make a communication media that can convey that information to the public. One of the popular media used by the society is leaflet. It can keep information for long time and can be read back anytime, anywhere and easily to produced. It is important to note that to visualize the information on the leaflet should be done properly by arrange the layout hierarchical so reader can get the point easily, especially when emergency case occur. Some group of information with bold or big typography used to make emphasis and eye-catcher. In this leaflet contained some information that is important to note in the EAP communication material: Cover: - Title and mandatories - profile of EAP - equipments need to be prepared - what people have to do - who to call in case of emergency Inside: - a map of the location and evacuation routes - location outside to evacuate - evacuation process
HUBUNGI ! Kesbangpol dan Linmas Kab.Wonogiri Telp : 0273-325373 Balai PSDA Bengawan Solo Telp: 0271-825361
Figure 10. Visual Communication Design for EAP in Leaflet (cover)
Jalur evakuasi desa : Brajan Lokasi pengungsian : Terminal Adipura Jarak : 0,5 km
Jalur evakuasi desa : Singodutan Lokasi pengungsian : Balai Dusun Sanggrahan Jarak : 0,5 km
Jalur evakuasi desa : Gempeng Lokasi pengungsian : Balai Gempeng Jarak : 0,5 km
Jalur evakuasi desa : Tenongan-Gunan Lokasi pengungsian : Masjid Nurul Fikri Jarak : 1 km
Figure 11. Visual Communication Design for EAP in Leaflet (inside) In addition to leaflet, can be used audio-visual electronic media for media integration besides leaflet for dissemination the information. Through this medium cold use sound and motion picture in text an infographic so that the information presented could more memorable. This audio visual media can be aired on local television or played on public screen at village halls. 6.
CONCLUTION In order to conveying information about disaster alert to the people, need to get accurate data for everything telated to evacuation such as : 1. The system and procedure for prepare and execution 2. People need to be given information as clear as possible and easy to remember that when disaster occurred people can taking action directly, quickly and properly. With involvement in a social campaign for disaster preparedness by Visual Communication Design, all of these information are expected to be conveyed in an integrated, effective and efficient communication through infographic visualization on leaflets, video and signage.
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REFFERENCES
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Mollerup, Per, (2005) Wayshowing: A guide to environmental Signage Principles & Practices, Baden: Lars Muller Publishers,.
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O'Grady, Jenn, Ken Visocky, (2008) The Information Design Handbook, Mies, Switzerland : Rotovision.
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Samara, Timothy. (2005). Publication Design Workbook. Beverly: Rockport Publishers.
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Knight, Carolyn. (2003). Layout: Making It Fit. Gloucester: Rockport Publishers Inc.
