“El tercer pilar del desarrollo humano: el IDH democrático”, en INEC, Buen Vivir en Ecuador. Experiencias y metodologías internacionales de medición del bienestar. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, Quito, 2015, págs. 117-140.

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El tercer pilar del desarrollo humano: el IDH democrático

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Democracia y desarrollo humano





                       

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4>?I> Matriz de necesidades y satisfactores de dimensión política Categoría existencial

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