El Campo Teórico de la Sociología de la Seguridad Pública

El Campo Teórico de la Sociología de la Seguridad Pública Fuentes de informacion documental, utilizadas por el Dr Xavier Gamboa Villafranca para estudiar teóricamente a la segufridad pública como objeto de la sociología, cuyos resultados fueron el hilo conductor para la investigación empírica del proceso de preparación político-ideológica de un autogolpe presidencial de Estado, en la Coyuntura Mexicana de 2000-2006

- Mapa Conceptual de la Aproximación Científico-Social, a la Seguridad Pública (Explicación de cada concepto, con respectivas fuentes documentales recomendadas)

-Fuentes Documentales Recomendadas, por Tema Prioritario Involucrado en el Asunto de Sociología de la Seguridad

-Curso Universitario del Dr Xavier Gamboa, en el Campo de la Sociología de la Seguridad Pública

Ir al principio de este documento Ir a página principal Visite la Página del Dr Xavier Gamboa Enviar correo a: administrador de contenido administrador de diseño

_________________________________________________________ Mapa Conceptual de la Aproximación Científico-Social, a la Seguridad Pública (Explicación de cada concepto, con respectivas fuentes documentales recomendadas) Conocimiento Científico yObjeto de la Aplicación del Categorías del objeto, que enfoque que se Aplica Conocimiento Científico serán descritas e interpretadas Ciencias

Sociología

Expresión y determinantes de la Autoridad Seguridad Poder

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Sociales

Conflicto y Delito Niveles de Conocimiento: -Descriptivo -Interpretativo -Evaluativo

Sociología Política Ciencia política Antropología Social Psicología Social Ciencia del Derecho Criminología

Seguridad pública Seguridad nacional Seguridad colectiva Internal.

Política Autoridad Gobernación Gobernabilidad Mantenimiento del Orden Legalidad Legitimidad Poder Poder político Poder económico Poder ideológico Poder Legal Contradicción Riesgo Vulnerabilidad Conflicto Solución del Conflicto Delito

: Ir al Principio de Sociología de la Seguridad Pública

_________________________________________________________ Fuentes Documentales Recomendadas, por Tema Prioritario Involucrado en el Asunto de Sociología de la Seguridad

Sociología... El Potencial Niveles de Conocimiento Científico-Social La sociología: una ciencia social Perspectiva disciplinario-especializada, dentro de la sociología y otras ciencias sociales, aplicable al estudio de la seguridad pública “Seguridad”.- Alcances conceptuales

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Integrando lo Disperso: Medio para Movilizar el Potencial de la capacidad sociológica para conocer, acerca de la seguridad públic Proveer Seguridad: Pilar de la Política Ante el Poder... Factores Sociológicos que inciden en la Obligación Estatal de Aseguramiento de la Seguridad Pública Algunos parámetros sociológicos de la Seguridad Pública

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Sociología... El Potencial Niveles de Conocimiento Científico-Social -Levels of knowledge (1. awareness, identification, characterization, interpretation and evaluation of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning, that has a purpose of use. Knowledge is an appreciation of the possession of interconnected details which, in isolation, are of lesser value. Knowledge is distinct from simple information. Both knowledge and information consist of true statements, but knowledge is information that has a purpose or use. Philosophers would describe this as information associated with intentionality. The study of knowledge is called epistemology.) -Description of events (1. To give an account of, in speech or writing. 2. To convey an idea or impression of; to characterize. 3.- To represent pictorially; to depict: 4. To trace the form or outline of: 5. to tell the facts, details, or particulars of, verbally or in writing: SYNONYMS describe, narrate, recite, recount, rehearse, relate, report.) -------------------

United States Age Distribution. US Bureau of the Census. http://www.nationmaster.com/country/us/Age_distribution North America: Mexico: Age distribution http://www.nationmaster.com/country/mx/Age_distribution

-Interpretation of events (1. To offer reasons for, or a cause of; 2.- to reveal the underlying meaning of, by the application of special knowledge or insight ) ----------

Map & Graph: Government: Corruption. Transparency International. Data for 2003. http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph-T/gov_cor&int=-1

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-Assessment (evaluation) of events (1. The act or result of judging the worth or value of Synonyms: appraisal, appraisement, estimate, estimation, evaluation, judgment, valuation. ----------

Map & Graph: Democracy: Democratic institutions rating. NationMaster.com 20032005. http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph-T/dem_dem_ins_rat&int=-1

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_________________________________________________________ La sociología: una ciencia social -Social Science (1. term for any or all of the branches of study that deal with humans in their social relations. Often these studies are referred to in the plural as the social sciences. Although human social behavior has been studied since antiquity, the modern social sciences as disciplines rooted in the scientific method date only from the 18th cent. Enlightenment. Interest at first centered on economics, but by the 19th cent. separate disciplines had been developed in anthropology, political science, psychology, and sociology. The 19th cent. was characterized by the development of wide-ranging theories (e.g., the work of Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Herbert Spencer). Developments in the 20th cent. have moved in these directions: the improvement and increased use of quantitative methods and statistical techniques; increased use of the empirical method, as opposed to general theorizing; and the direct practical application of social science knowledge. Social science departments are now firmly established in universities, and social scientists are increasingly called upon to advise industries and governments for future planning. 2. comprise the application of scientific methods to the study of the human aspects of the world. They are also known (pejoratively) as the soft sciences (in contrast to the hard sciences), although many social scientists also refer to their discipline as the harder sciences, given the complexity of their subject matter. Psychology studies the human mind and behavior; sociology examines human society and human relationships within it; political science studies the governing of groups and countries; communication the flow of discourse via various media; and economics concerns itself with the production and allocation of wealth in society. Social sciences diverge from the humanities in that many in the social sciences emphasise the scientific method or other rigorous standards of evidence in the study of humanity, although many also use much more qualitative methods.) Hudson, Rex A. The Sociology And Psychology Of Terrorism: Who Becomes A Terrorist And Why?. A Report Prepared under an Interagency Agreement by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Septiembre de 1999. EUA. http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf Ray, Raka

"Masculinity, Femininity, and Servitude: Domestic Workers In Calcutta In The Late Twentieth Century". Material para el Módulo “The Fate of Gender”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2000. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

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-Sociology (1. Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Since human behavior is shaped by social factors, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge. 2. Sociology provides many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating new ideas and critiquing the old. The field also offers a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life: street crime and delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or problems of peace and war. Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs. Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for social change and resistance, and how social systems work.) ----------

Producing Public Sociology: Contributions from Berkeley Faculty. Curso de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2005. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

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_________________________________________________________ Perspectiva disciplinario-especializada, dentro de la sociología y otras ciencias sociales, aplicable al estudio de la seguridad pública.

-Social Anthropology (I. Also called cultural anthropology or socio-cultural anthropology, it is one of four commonly recognized fields of anthropology, the holistic study of humanity. It reflects in part a reaction against earlier Western discourses based on an opposition between "culture" and "nature," according to which some human beings lived in a "state of nature." Anthropologists argue that culture is "human nature," and that all people have a capacity to classify experiences, encode classifications symbolically, and teach such abstractions to others. Since culture is learned, people living in different places have different cultures. Anthropologists have also pointed out that through culture people can adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways, so people living in different environments will often have different cultures. Much of anthropological theory has been motivated by an appreciation of and interest in the tension between the local (particular cultures) and the global (a universal human nature, or the web of connections between people in distant places). 2. Social anthropology (which spread from Britain to such countries as Norway, Sweden and Holland) is often contrasted to (American) cultural anthropology (developed by Franz Boas, who was 5

less sociologically inclined and more influenced by linguistics and history), and to French ethnologie (the creation of Durkheim and Mauss), though the distinctions between these traditions has blurred during the last few decades. 3. Analytically, anthropology may be regarded as a holistic and comparative branch of sociology, in the sense that anthropologists tend to concern themselves with the connections between the various parts that make up a social and cultural whole, rather than specializing on one specific subsystem within the whole. This gives anthropologists a kind of jack-of-all-trades knowledge that purists within other disciplines may find dilettantish, but which has resulted in much and fruitful interdisciplinary cooperation, e.g. with linguists, ecologists, political scientists, economists, medical professionals, historians, philosophers, biologists, psychologists) Thorne, Barry et"Transnational Childhoods: The Participation of Children in Processes of Family al Migration". Material para el Módulo “The global Society”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1999 http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

-Social Psychology (1. The branch of human psychology that deals with the behavior of groups and the influence of social factors on the individual. 2.- Social psychology attempts to understand the relationship between minds, groups, and behaviors in three general ways. First, it tries to see how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other(s) This includes social perception, social interaction, and the many kinds of social influence (like trust, power, and persuasion). Second, it tries to understand the influence that individual perceptions and behaviors have upon the behavior of groups. This includes looking at things like group productivity in the workplace and group decision making. Third, social psychology tries to understand groups themselves as behavioral entities, and the relationships and influences that one group has upon another group. 3.- Some of the basic topics of interest in social psychology are: Socialization (investigates the learning of standards, rules, attitudes, roles, values, and beliefs; and the agents, processes, and outcomes of learning); (delves into the learning and processing of verbal and non-verbal language, and the effects of social structures and societies on the use of both), Social influence (looks at the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful persuasion, as well as compliance, obedience, and resistance to authority), Impression management (investigates the use of self-presentation, along with tactical impression management, deception, and failed identities), Social perception (looks specifically at the types of schemas that people have; the ways they develop impressions of one another; and the ways that they attribute the causes of social behavior), Self and Identity (the schemas that individuals have about themselves and about groups; the impacts that those ideas have on behaviors; the different kinds of identities that people tend to have), Attitudes (delves into the nature, types, and functions of attitudes, and their effects on behavior), Attribution (the ways that people attribute causes and responsibilities to persons or situations) Goodman, Leo "Latent Class Analysis: The Empirical Study of Latent Types, Latent Variables, and Latent Structures, and Some Notes on the History of This Subject”. Material para el Módulo “Diversity and Inequality”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1996.

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http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

--Political Sociology (1. the study of the social bases of politics. There are four main areas of research focus in contemporary political sociology: (a) the social formation of the modern state, (b) "who rules"?--that is, how social inequality between groups (classes, races, genders, etc.) affects politics, (c) how social movements and trends outside of the formal institutions of political power affect politics, and (d) power in small groups (e.g. families, workplaces). The field also looks at how major social trends can affect the political process, as well as exploring how various social forces work together to change political policies. Several theoretical models have been given for political sociology, including the power-elite model, the pluralist model and the Marxist political-economic model. Gamboa Villafranca, Xavier

“Capítulo VI.- Corte de Caja: Panorámica del Conjunto de Actores en Movimiento”, Cuando en la Lucha no Hubo Máscaras.- Coyuntura Postelectoral de 1988. Colección Entrañas del Cambio Número 2. CEPROS y Taller Abierto, Coeditores. México. 1999. http://www.angelfire.com/ok3/xgamboa/coy88/pagprin.htm

-Political science (1. the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behavior. Political science is commonly divided into a number of subfields, the most prominent being political theory, national government, comparative government, international relations, and special areas shared with other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, and economics. In practice, these subfields overlap. Political theory encompasses the following related areas: the study of the history of political thought; the examination of questions of justice and morality in the context of the relationships between individuals, society, and government; and the formulation of conceptual approaches and models in order to understand more fully political and governmental processes. The study of national government focuses on the political system of the researcher's particular country, including the legal and constitutional arrangements and institutions; the interaction of various levels of government, other social and political groups, and the individual; and proposals for improving governmental structure and policy. Comparative government covers many of the same subjects but from the perspective of parallel political behavior in several countries, regions, or time periods. International relations deals both with the more traditional areas of study, such as international law, diplomacy, political economy, international organizations, and other forms of contact between nation states, and with the development of general, scientific models of international political systems. None of the political science subfields can be clearly separated. All of them, for example, deal with questions closely associated with political theory. Valuable and sophisticated discussions of almost all the areas of political science, including the areas now generally classified under such titles as political sociology, can be found throughout intellectual history as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Through the centuries, the questions of political science have been discussed in contexts varying with the changing perspectives of the time. During the Middle Ages, for example, the major concerns revolved around the problem of where the state stood in relation to

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man and his God. Karl Marx, on the other hand, viewed political questions in the context of society's economic structure. Modern political science stresses the importance of using political concepts and models that are subject to empirical validation and that may be employed in solving practical political problems.) F Jiménez “Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Percepción negativa de la Ornelas, Rene seguridad pública: Ciudad de México y República Mexicana”, Los desafíos de la Alejandro seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/14.pdf

-Law Studies (1. The science and study of law; jurisprudence; Knowledge of law: The profession of an attorney… ) González Fernández, José Antonio

“La Seguridad Pública en México”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/12.pdf

-Criminology (1. The scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment. 2. the study of crime, society's response to it, and its prevention, including examination of the environmental, hereditary, or psychological causes of crime, modes of criminal investigation and conviction, and the efficacy of punishment or correction (see prison) as compared with forms of treatment or rehabilitation. Although it is generally considered a subdivision of sociology, criminology also draws on the findings of psychology, economics, and other disciplines that investigate humans and their environment.) ----------

Criminal Justice/Security Administration. Programa de la Maestría en Ciencias en Administración de la Seguridad. University of Detroit, Mercy. EUA. 2005. Acceso de XGV el 25 de junio del 2005. http://liberalarts.udmercy.edu/cjs/sa_grad.php

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_________________________________________________________ “Seguridad”.- Alcances conceptuales

-Safety (Security) 1. The condition of being safe; freedom from danger, risk, or injury. 2. the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions; "insure the safety of the children"; "the reciprocal of safety is risk" McSweeney, Bill

“The meaning of Security”, Security, Identity and Interests.- A Sociology of International Relations. Harvard university Press. EUA. 1999. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511033575 Odlynzko, Economics, Psychology and Sociology of Security. Digital Technology Center. Andrew University of Minnesotta. EUA. 2004. [email protected]://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/econ.psych.security.pdf du

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-Public safety: 1. the general security of public places; "he was arrested for disturbing the peace" 2. the state of being free from danger or injury; "we support the armed services in the name of national security" 3. the protection of the general population from all manners of harm, danger, injury or damage. This protection is usually provided by those traditional organizations known as Emergency Services: the police, fire and rescue, and ambulance. Additional organizations may include consumer protection, the Emergency telephone number system, animal control officers, various utility inspectors, and others. Arango Durán, Indicadores de Seguridad Pública en México: La Construcción de un Sistema de Arturo Estadísticas Delictivas. Instituto Nacional de ciencias Penales. USMEX 2003-04 aarango54@hotWorking Paper Series. Presentado en laConferencia sobre Reforma de la mail.com Administración de Justicia en México, del Centro de Estudios sobre México-EUA. 15 al 17 de mayo del 2003. http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1015&context=usmex

-National security: 1. measures taken by a state to ensure its survival and safety, including but not limited to the deterrence of attacks from within and outside its boundaries as well as the protection of its citizens and their basic rights. Measures taken to ensure national security, which often conflicts with civil rights, include: -the maintenance of armed forces -civil defense measures and emergency preparedness -attempts to create resilience and redundancy in national infrastructure -the maintenance of intelligence services to detect threats -the protection of classified information As of 2005, in a world-wide panorama, terrorism is becoming the primary focus of national security measures. ----------

National Security Strategy of the United States of America. President of of the United States of America. Washington, DC. 2002. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf

-International collective security: 1. Intellectual construction that implies a systema with four characteristics: "collective security" must be reserved for a system of war prevention, which has three characteristics: It is based upon an international treaty signed by the member states; this treaty includes a ban on violence between the member states, at least; If one member state attacks another member state, the other member states or the collective security system itself will be obliged to sanction the aggressor by military and/or non-military means until the aggressor will give in and return into the community of peaceful member-states. 2)System of war prevention which, in addition to the above metnioned characteristics, develops an active function to prevent agressions by force between member states, by: creating instruments for the peaceful settlement of dispute; reducing ecological destruction; equalizing economic standards; protecting minorities; developing confidence and security building measures; controlling and reducing weapons. A collective international security system is different from alliances (which exclude the potential enemies and try to get security against each other), concerts (which consist of the great powers only, self considered as the 9

subjects of world order, whereas the small and middle states are its objects), common security (which sanction only agression originated in states other than members) and co-operative security (which are restricted on defining, discussing and monitoring. In essence, collective international systems have its roots in cooperative security systems. D int García “Consideraciones sobre el terrorismo”, Ins Inv Jur, Serie C: Estudios Jurídicos. Ramírez, SergioNúmero 43. UNAM. México DF. 2003. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/2/833/4.pdf D Int Koechler,The United Nations And International Terrorism: Challenges To Collective Security. Hans International Conference on International Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism Cooperation. Shanghai, China. 25 de Noviembre del 2002. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf D intIbarrola “La Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la delincuencia organizada Nicolín, transnacional y sus protocolos adicionales. Un nuevo marco de cooperación Eduardo internacional”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/13.pdf

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Integrando lo Disperso: Medio para Movilizar el Potencial de lo que la Sociología Puede Conocer, Acerca de la Seguridad Pública Proveer Seguridad: Pilar de la Política

-Politics: (1. The art and practice of government which has to do with the regulation and government of a nation or state, the preservation of its safety, peace, and prosperity, the defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest, the augmentation of its strength and resources, and the protection of its citizens in their rights, with the preservation and improvement of their morals. 2. The management of a political party; the conduct and contests of parties with reference to political measures or the administration of public affairs; the advancement of candidates to office. 3. artful or dishonest management to secure the success of political candidates or parties; political trickery. Barreda “La Ciudad que Todos Soñamos”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en Solórzano, Luis México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número de la 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/6.pdf

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-Authority (1. The right to command, decide, rule, or judge: command, control, domination, dominion, jurisdiction, mastery, might, power, prerogative, sovereignty, sway. Informal say-so. 2. A person or group having the right and power to command, decide, rule, or judge: official. Idioms: powers that be, the Man) Garza Salinas, “Políticas Públicas y Seguridad, en el Marco de la Acción del Estado”, Los Mario A. desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/11.pdf

-Governance (1. The act of governing; exercising authority 2. Processes and systems by which an organization or society operate. Frequently a government is established to administer these processes and systems. 3. Often used by corporate organizations to describe the manner in which a corporation is directed, and laws and customs applying to that direction. A fair governance implies that these mechanisms are organized in a way that allows the rights and interests of the stakeholders -the "principals"- to be respected by the executives -the "agents"-, in a spirit of democracy) Gamboa Villafranca, Xavier

Observatorio Ciudadano de Política e Ideología.- Red de Investigacion Aplicada a la Democratización y Eficiencia de Gobierno y Gestión Pública (RIADEGGP). Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. Junio del 2005. http://galeon.com/cepros/riadeggp/gobqroo/acuerdo.htm y http://www.galeon.com/cepros/riadeggp/ocpi/pagprin.htm

-Governability (1. The ability of the political institutions of a country to direct its economy and society. This capacity is primarily determined by two factors: the nature of the governed and their amenability to the process, and the capacity of the government to deal with its problems. The ability to govern is affected by: the quality of the bureaucracy: the commitment of the bureaucracy to the policies of government; the institutional environment for policy-making; the party system; cleavages, fissures or divisions in society Bloemraad, Irene

"The Limits of De Tocqueville: How Government Facilitates Organisational Capacity in Newcomer Communities". Material para el Módulo “Varieties of Politics”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2005. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

-Policing (1. maintain law and order at something: to ensure that law and order are maintained at an event or location, using the police or a military force 2. ensure something proceeds according to rules: to ensure that rules and procedures are followed correctly in something, or that something is implemented) Peñaloza, Pedro José

“La seguridad pública: más allá de policías y ladrones”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/19.pdf

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G López Portillo “La asistencia internacional multilateral para la reforma policial en México: una Vargas, Ernesto alternativa experimental”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/17.pdf

-Compliance (1. An act or process of complying with a demand or recommendation 2. Observance of official requirements 3. acting according to certain accepted standards Synonyms: conformity, conformation, abidance ) Escudero “Los Organos Constituñcionales Autónomos, y la Seguridad Pública”, Los Alvarez, Hiram desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/7.pdf

-Legitimacy: 1. Extent of the popular acceptance of a governing regime or law as an authority; an institution is legitimate if such approval is general among those subject to its authority. 2. A basic condition for rule: without at least a minimal amount of legitimacy, a government will deadlock or collapse. 3. Regimes are sometimes seen as requiring the assent of a large proportion of the population to retain power, but this need not necessarily be the case: many unpopular regimes have been known to survive provided they are seen as legitimate within a small but influential elite. 54. legitimacy should be distinguished from legality. Action can be legal without being legitimate (as in the case of an immoral law). Action can also be legitimate without being legal (as in the case of Rosa Parks' non-compliance). When sources of legitimacy conflict with each other, a constitutional crisis can often erupt.. Issues of legitimacy are linked to those of consent, both explicit and tacit. E FourcadeGourinchas, Marion

“Politics, Institutional Structures and the Rise of Economics: A Comparative Study”. Material para el Módulo “The global Society”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2001. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

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_________________________________________________________ Ante el Poder... Factores Sociológicos que inciden en la Obligación Estatal de Aseguramiento de la Seguridad Pública

-Power (1. the ability to impose one's will on another, with or without the latter’s consent). Méndez Silva, Ricardo rmsilva@servid or.unam.mx F int Burawoy,

“Tres libros sobre la Guerra Estados Unidos de América-México”, Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. Volumen II. 2002 http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/derint/cont/2/art/art4.pdf "Transition Without Transformation: Russia's Involutionary Road to Capitalism".

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Michael

Material para el Módulo “Great Transformations”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1999. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ Olamendi “México y el Debate Internacional sobre el Terrorismo”, Problemas Jurídicos y Torres, Patricia Políticos del Terrorismo. IIJ-UNAM. Serie Estudios Jurídicos. Número 43. 2003.

-Political Power (1. the ability to influence the behaviour of others" with or without resistance. 2. a type of power held by a person or group in a society. There are many ways to hold such power. Officially, political power is held by the political leader of a state, such as a president, prime minister, or monarch. Political powers are not limited to heads of states, however, and the extent to which a person or group holds such power is related to the amount of societal influence they can wield, formally or informally. In many cases this influence is not contained within a single state and we talk of international power. 3. Type of power that has been built up and maintained through the exercise of military power, the accumulation of wealth, and the acquisition of knowledge, that unless constrained tends to be used in an abused, destructive or senseless manner. 4.- Type of pwer whose abuse is determined whebn too much of it has been concentrated in too few hands, without enough room for political debate, public criticism, and other types of correctives. Examples of such regimes are despotism, tyranny, and dictatorship. To counter these potential problems, people have devised and practised different solutions, most of them related to the sharing of power (as in democracy), the placing of limitations on the extent of power one individual or group can have, and the creation of protective rights for individuals through legislation or charters (such as human rights) Riley, Dylan Gamboa Villafranca, Xavier F SanchezJankowski, Martin

“Enigmas of Fascism”. Material para el Módulo “Great Transformations”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2004. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ “Capítulo I.- Teoría Política del Autogolpe”, Autogolpes Presidenciales de Estado.Manipulación Ideológica y Dominación Política. Serie en las Entrañas del Cambio Número 4. UQROO y CEPROS, coeditores. México. 2003. http://www.galeon.com/xgamboa/autogol/pagprin.htm "Gangs and the Structure of U.S. Society". Material para el Módulo “Movements and Organizations”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1997. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public %5Fsociology/

-Economic power 1. Purchasing power, i.e., the ability of any amount of money to buy goods and services. Those with more assets (or, more correctly, net worth) have more power of this sort. The greater the liquidity of one's assets, the greater one's purchasing power is. 2. Monopoly power, i.e., the ability to set prices or wages. This is the opposite of the situation in a perfectly competitive market, in which supply and demand set prices. See bargaining power. 3. Managerial power, i.e., the ability of managers to threaten their employees with firing or other penalties for not following orders. This exists if there is a cost of job loss, especially due to the existence of 13

unemployment and workers' lack of sufficient assets to survive without working for pay. 4. Class power in Marxian political economy: under capitalism this refers to a situation where a minority (the capitalists) in society controls the means of production and thus is able to exploit the majority (the workers). In general, those with more power also have more freedom than others and may be able to exploit others in society and/or cause some sort of market failure. Fligstein, Neil

Gold, Tom

F Voss, Kim; Sherman, Rachel F intEvans, Peter

"Markets as Politics: A Political-Cultural Approach to Market Institutions". Material para el Módulo “Varieties of Politics”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1996. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ "Autonomy Versus Authoritarianism". Material para el Módulo “Great Transformations”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1990. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public %5Fsociology/public_sociology_pdf/Gold.pdf "Breaking the Iron Law of Oligarchy: Union Revitalization in the American Labor Movement". Material para el Módulo “Movements and Organizations”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2000. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ "Counter-Hegemonic Globalization: Transnational Networks as Political Tools for Fighting Marginalization". Material para el Módulo “The global Society”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1999. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

-Ideological power: 1. The ability to propose and move society or segments of society according to one’s collection of ideas, comprehensive vision, way of looking at things; the popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests., 2. Ability of the dominant class of a society to move all members of this society, according to a proposed set of ideas pertaining its realities. 3. 4. A political ideology is the body of ideals, principles, doctrine, myth or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that references some political and cultural plan. It can be a construct of political thought, often defining political parties and their policy. F Swidler, Anne “Cultural Power and Social Movements". Material para el Módulo “Movements and Organizations”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1995. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ F Karabel, "Towards a Theory of Intellectuals and Politics". Material para el Módulo “Varieties of Jerome. Politics”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1996. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

Gamboa Villafranca, Xavier

“Capítulo 4.- Una primera Aproximacion México-Estados Unidos”, Confianza Social en las Instituciones. Colección Entrañas del Cambio Número 3. CEPROS, UQROO y Taller Abierto Coeditores. México. Marzo del 2001. http://www.angelfire.com/ok3/xgamboa/conf/libro1.htm#DE

Hochschild, Arlie

"The Commercial Spirit of Intimate Life and the Abduction of Feminism: Signs from Women's Advice Books". Material para el Módulo “The Fate of Gender”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1994. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ “The Lost Art Of Democratic Narrative”, The New Republic. EUA. 21 de Marzo del 2005. http://blogs.utiligeek.com/towardpeace.php/2005/04/12/reich también en: http://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20050328&s=reich032805

Reich, Robert

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Fraga Juárez, Raúl

“Medios de comunicación y Cobertura del Delito”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/8.pdf

-Power of Legality (1. The ability to construct rules of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority. 2.- The ability to formulate the body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system: international law. 3. The ability to implement condition of social order and justice created by adherence to such a system: a breakdown of law and civilized behavior … ) ----------

Laveaga, Gerardo

“Ley del Sistema Estatal de Seguridad Publica”, Periodidco Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo. 16 de Diciembre de 1996. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. http://dzibanche.biblos.uqroo.mx/compilajus/40_Seg_Pub.htm “Cinco propuestas para hacer más eficaz nuestro Derecho Penal”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/15.pdf

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Algunos parámetros sociológicos de la Seguridad Pública

-Contradiction: 1. The condition of being in a sate of conflict with at least the following intervals: neutrality; complementarity, contrariety; opposition: polarity; antagonism. In any system, there exists a principal contradiction, coexisting with a set of secondary contradictions. The principal contradiction is the “motor” of the system. Hout, Michael et"Inequality by Design: Myths, Data and Politics". Material para el Módulo “Diversity al. and Inequality”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1996. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ Smith, Sandra “Mobilizing Social Resources: Race, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Social Capital and Persisting Wage Inequalities”. Material para el Módulo “Diversity and Inequality”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2000. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ Tse Tung, Mao On Contradiction. Agosto de 1937. Archivos de Robinson Rojas. http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/mao11.htm

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-Risk: 1. A possibility of danger or harm 2. Possibility of loss or injury. 3. The potential harm that may arise from some present process or from some future event. It is often mapped to the probability of some event which is seen as undesirable. Usually the probability of that event and some assessment of its expected harm must be combined into a believable scenario (an outcome) which combines the set of risk, regret and reward probabilities into an expected value for that outcome. There are many informal methods which are used to assess (or to "measure" although it is not usually possible to directly measure) risk, and (for some applications) formal methods such as value at risk Abascal “Derechos Humanos, Seguridad y Justicia”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en Carranza,Salva México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. dor UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/5.pdf Lucas, Samuel "Selective Attrition in a Newly Hostile Regime: The Case of 1980 Sophomores". Material para el Módulo “Diversity and Inequality”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1996. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ Soberanes El Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo., En Su Sesquicentenario. Instituto De Fernández, Investigaciones Jurídicas, Cuadernos Constitucionales México-Centroamérica 28. José Luis et al UNAM. México, DF. 1998. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/libro.htm?l=166 [email protected] [email protected]

-Vulnerability: 1. The susceptibility of a nation or military force to any action by any means through which its war potential or combat effectiveness may be reduced or its will to fight diminished. 2. The characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a definite degradation (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of effects in an unnatural (manmade) hostile environment. 3. In information operations, a weakness in information system security design, procedures, implementation, or internal controls that could be exploited to gain unauthorized access to information or an information system Macedo de la “Presentación”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Concha, Rafael Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/2.pdf Monzalvo “Propuesta de cambio al modelo mexicano de seguridad pública”, Los desafíos de la Pérez, Pablo I. seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/18.pdf Coleman, John “Conspirators' Hierarchy”: The Story of the Committee of 300. America West Publishers. EUA. 1992.

-Conflict: 1 state of opposition between two parties, or between at least two groups of people; 2. state that arouses when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each other's goal-seeking capability. Depending of the size of the analytical unit usted, conflict may be: intrapersonal conflict (though this usually just gets delegated out to psychology); interpersonal conflict; group conflict; organizational conflict; community conflict; racial conflict; 16

Class conflict; conflict between governments and groups engaged in asymetric warfare; intra-national state conflict (for example: civil wars, election campaigns); international conflict. Lie, John

“The Black-Asian Conflict”. Material para el Módulo “Diversity and Inequality”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 2004. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/ Fischer, Claude "Uncommon Values, Diversity, and Conflict in City Life". Material para el Módulo “Diversity and Inequality”, del Curso en Sociología de lo Público de la Universidad de California en Berkely. EUA. 1999. http://sociology.berkeley.edu/public%5Fsociology/

-Conflict resolution: 1. process of resolving a dispute or a conflict, by providing each side's needs, and adequately addressing their interests so that they are satisfied with the outcome. Conflict resolution aims to end conflicts before they start or lead to physical fighting. This usually involves two or more groups with opposing views regarding specific issues, and another group or individual who is considered to be neutral in their opinion on the subject. This last bit though is quite often not entirely demanded if the "outside" group is well respected by all opposing parties. Resolution methods can include conciliation, mediation, arbitration or litigation. It may be possible to avoid conflict without actually resolving the underlying dispute, by getting the parties to recognize that they disagree but that no further action needs to be taken at that time. In a few cases, such as in a democracy, it may even be desirable that they disagree, thus exposing the issues to others who need to consider it for themselves: in this case the parties might agree to disagree. Clements, KevinToward a Sociology of Security. Conflict Resolution. Consortium Working Paper. P Número 90, Volumen 4. EUA. Julio de 1990. http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00001321/ También en: http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00001321/02/90-4.htm Lima Malvido, “Un nuevo paradigma: la participación ciudadana en seguridad pública”, Los desafíos Ma. de la Luz de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/16.pdf

-Offense (1. A transgression of law; a crime. 2. A wrong or illegal deed; a wrongdoing Related terms: crime, felony, misdeed, misdemeanour, misdemeanor) Romero Ápis, José Elías

“La seguridad pública en México”, Los desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/20.pdf García “La prevención de delito: una asignatura pendiente”, Boletín Mexicano de derecho Ramírez, SergioComparado. Sección de Bibliografía. Número 112. Enero-abril del 2005. http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/112/bib/bib13.htm García “En torno a la seguridad pública -desarrollo penal y evolución del delito”, Los Ramírez,Sergio desafíos de la seguridad pública en México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Serie Doctrina Jurídica. Número 120. UNAM. México, DF. 2002. http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/419/10.pdf

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