Economy of Augusta Georgia during Civil War Era

Money is the root of all evil. Someone has once said this and we all know this to be true. Money is the root of all wars too. The following will be of the economics of Augusta, Georgia during the American Civil War lead up, occurrence and resulting time frame. The search of documentation was difficult as I was looking for actual bank records, store ledgers and tax payments throughout ten years total. The understanding of the effect of money, income and production of goods will give an insight to this era of more than a decade. War is hard to understand as the purpose for fighting and the after effects. Economics can be a great tool for fighting and also is the worse after effects as they are long lasting. The local understand will give a bigger look to this war in a city that was not attacked but played a larger role in the South's income. The role was essential during the manufacturing and transportation of military goods and later the Reconstruction of the South. Research for this was processing data and numbers of historical documents plus understanding the production of goods in Augusta. A comparison of the South as a whole is used since there amount of data for the whole Confederate gives a better view of the economics. I will gather information for a span of 1850-1870, to have a limit on the information. Company size and plantation size will be a large factor in determining, if any, change in cost of goods, cost of slaves and income for the classes that worked in the industries. Interaction with the Northern companies and foreign nations will be a unique factor in this model as the blockade from the start of the war caused the import and export to change.

Brief History of Augusta Georgia Pre Civil War
The history of Augusta is far greater but this is the connections of the beginning to the Civil War. The understanding of August is from the growth and populations. Next will be the settlement of Augusta was the second town of the 13th British colony in 1736 on the west bank of Savanna River. General James Edward Oglethorpe, colony's founder saw the establishment as an interior trading post for furs and unique goods from the Native Americans to connect to the Savannah colony of the South. The building of Augusta was based on the Savannah with four street by three streets that included one large plaza. Fort Augusta was constructed west of the river next to the forty town lots.(North) Two original streets, that still are used today Reynolds and Ellis St, were named after Georgia colonial governors. As development moved forward the construction of a church, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, in 1749 was the first in the colony. During the French and Indian wars, refuges from as far as Virginia that increased the population and began the tobacco industry with planters transposing the culture to Georgia. During the American Revolution, Augusta had two battles fought in the area, siege of the White House and Siege of Augusta. The Fort Augusta and St. Paul's Church were destroyed. (Lee) After the Revolution, August was the capital of the new State of Georgia from 1786-1795 with a great number of government leaders moving to the town, George Walton being one of them. The growth of the city lead to the formulation of Trustees of the Academy of Richmond County that was the governing body that lead to the building a new school in 1802, the old Academy of Richmond County that is still the name of a High School in Augusta. The growth of Georgia and the expansion of the United States westward as g Alabama and Mississippi were formed caused stagnation of Augusta's economy. (North) This was overcame but the construction of the Georgia Railroad, 1833, through the heart of downtown to connect Charleston and Hamburg Railroad to the future Atlanta settlement toward Athens. Irish settlers migrated to the city for the building of the railway and became a large presence in Augusta as the Roman Catholics tradition that both continue today. Construction again was a high point in the Augusta growth with the Augusta Canal in 1845 that was to produce water power for flourmills, cotton mills and iron works. (Lee) Henry Cumming saw the need for the canal as the 1793 cotton gin invention was production a great influx of shipping into Augusta to Savannah. The industrial boom made Augusta one of the few center of industrialization in the South that will be need in the coming introduction of the Civil War and economics as this is the over theme. There was a fight for the rights of people and now the city of Augusta was going to be in the middle of this fight in turn that was based on rights of the states. The fighting was going to effect the nation as a whole and will set the future as it is now.
The Civil War, or War Between the States
War and fighting was not something new for this nation. The English have been "Waring" with nations and people for hundreds of years. Settlers of the new land fought Native American and other countries for the land of America. Later in the American Revolution of 1776 was the battle for creating the United States while the Civil War of 1861 indomitable what the nation's morals and values would be. The Revolution left a nation to answers how this nation will be constructed; a confederation of sovereign states or a nation with sovereign national government. (RHEA) The confederation was the idea that states need the rights to protect themselves from a tyranny and monarchy rule. National government was to insure that whole nation would survives with its freedoms and liberties. Slavery was a moral issue in most all civilizations and this new nation had the largest about of slaves per capita than anywhere else in the world. The divide in the nation was over state's rights, slavery, industrialization and political. (McPherson) This divide would later cost over 625,000 lives and devastating economic hardships. The national debt was 65 million with most federal revenue coming in from tariffs. There was no income tax, estate tax or the dreadful whiskey tax. In a drastic change after four years, national debt would be at a horrific $2.7 billion and the introduction of many new taxes. America was now running on a federal budget of $300 million dollars as before the war was a $63 million. Overcoming the Civil War took many decade and vast amount of resources to gather the nation back together. Economy was the hardest thing to develop as it was based on slavery, agriculture and at a time separate money. (Goldin) The South's cost of the Civil War directly was between $2.8-3.2 billion in which is a much harder hit as the economy before the war was weaker than the North's. North alone was a 3.3 billion loss included the cost by the governments, the draft and the human capital loss along with other figures (Goldin & Lewis). Companies were started in the war to benefit of the fighting as they sold goods and miliarty useful provisions. There was a boom in the nation as a whole for goods as war if fought with weapons, but is won with who is the one that can supply their troops better. The Reconstruction of the South will be continuous for generations as its economy never truly picks back up till the 1920s.
Understanding Economics as a "Hole"
Economy is derived from the late 15th century French of économie meaning "house hold management" that is based on the Greek "oikos" meaning house and "nemein" meaning manage. Economics is the study of the economy with in a personal life or as big as globally. The grasp of what all is involved with economics is wide and vast. To keep it easy and narrow, Economics it this paper will consist of currency, debts, labor cost, production cost and price of goods. The nation was still developing into its sovereign government and saw difference in this process. They means the Southern states produced its goods was in slave labor.( Goldin) This topic is needed to be discussed but will not be heavily done so as it's a very repetitive in matter such as this. This labor was cheap as it yielded a product that could have high profits. The simple "supply and demand" theory of economics drove this economy in the South. Industrialization was the Union's gold as it was connected to a higher population, foreign countries and technology. Population is the vast issue of this growth in the new nation as it was increasing from 4 million in 1790s to a staggering 31 million of 1860.This 33%-35% increase of each year made the strain of providing jobs, money, good and services on top of creating the infrastructure as well as governmental workings.( Barnhart) Size of the nation was exploding in this time as well from the just under 900,000 square miles to almost 3,000,000. Expansion created rail road manufacturing jobs, train car manufacturing jobs, railway construction jobs not to mention to standard increase of the education, medical and governmental fields. (Folsom) Goods from every region was to be moved either domestically or internationally to Europe as it was a great export customer to America. The South was using the imports of goods as it was limited to the ability of productions.
Before the War Between the States.
There is a great history of Augusta and its rise from a colony. The placement of the city and climate gave the potential high to be successful. Agricultural and transportation would be the key points of Augusta and the targets in War. The 1850s in the South was seeing a growth in agricultural economy and the increase of slave labor usage. Cotton was the economy of the South for the whole since tobacco killed the soil and silk did not work as planned. Cotton in the 1840 was a low three to five cents a pound even with the new cotton gin making the production of cotton up to a thousand pounds of cotton every day. (Davis) By the 1850s the South was able to export over a million tons of cotton to England and demanded the labor that required this manufacturing. This was the result of having over three million slaves in the South plantations and farms. The increase made the economy passed on the growing, production and sell of cotton as well as slaves. The mistreatment of slaves were not as often as most would think because the majority of farms and planation's were small with the owners out in the field along the slaves. Mega plantations would be the locations of the violence and the mistreatment of the Africans as they were able to be replaced easier.
Railroad was a grand boom in the South as well. The total mileage of the region was quadrupling as the 1850s came around. The amount of track total was not as much as the North by a third. The less developed track was more effective with the fact there were fewer trains and lower stops. The connections of the railways was not for commuters but for the plantation districts to the southern ports for fast export. Georgia Railroad Company was chartered in 1833 by an Athens citizens for the development of the current railway. This was to be built from Athens to Augusta, where the construction would start in 1835. Over the year, the name was changed to Georgia Railroad & Banking Company when the banking was more rewarding for the company as a whole and leased the railroad operations to other business as the construction came along. The rates from 1845 was a small five cent a mile for passengers and fifty cents for every miles if freight. From 1841 to 1845, more than 300 miles connected Athens, Atlanta and Augusta as it also connected lines to Charleston and Memphis. Augusta gained control of the line from Athens when John Pendleton King was president from 1841 to 1878. These railways were a critical link in the Confederacy's connections to Atlanta and Virginia as well as the only other routes to Chattanooga or Savanna. The average load was eight hundred tons of freight per day that was the height of the Confederacy in 1863. In dismay of the next year, the lines were destroyed by Union troops from the fall of Atlanta on the way to Augusta. The rail ways were pulled up and burned with only the embankments were left. After the Confederacy was defeated, the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company was to set free the hundred and sixty documented slave. Thought the Confederate was hard hit from this damage, the company put their resources together and restored the operations quickly as well as the restoring of the Athens branch when abandoned. The ending of the was so free rides for the returning Confederate soldiers and a honor system for its payments. Even when the Confederate has no money value, the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company had such financial stability that the promises were all kept and paid.
Money of products and goods
The Augusta Manufacturing Company was a textile mill on the canal the capital stock was four hundred thousand with cost of the building and machinery at hundred thousand. The Augusts Mill employed two hundred and ten people that was able to produce 72,000 yards of cotton cloth. The wages were strong of these workers as stated in (Margo) they author was leaving the mill as seen a female worker make a deposit of $95 to savings with the superintendent. Workers then would get paid by the company but also have them collet their savings as banks for some were unsafe as they had to travel with the money. The author thought it was a rather good indication of fair wages with the industry. In Augusta, there was a total of 36 cotton manufactories that employee 50 on average and had a capital over forty thousand for the medium of invested capital. (Hunt)
Slavery in Augusta.
Before the idea of slavery can be really understood, population of Augusta is to be discussed since there is a ratio of growth. The census of the 1800 had Augusta's white population at 1,159 and slave population of a little more than a thousand. In the course of sixty years, white population increased to over eight thousand and tripled the slave population in which shows a number of issues with Augusta. This was not a farming central area as the slave population will show. The growth of the general population was from the increase of the industrial sector and the rise of the manufacturing industry. The Augusta Canal assisted in these rises. (Bellamy) The lower amount of slaves shows that the sale of slaves was not a huge portion of the income for Augusta, but the transportation through Augusta was important. Augusta being middle of the state between northern cities and Savannah, created the market for slave trade. The overall decline of urban slavery in the South was in the idea of what the city did for people. The city was known to lose the submissiveness of the slave and master relationship. The plantation slaves that were hired for the city life so more acceptances and a gain of freedom. This idea in Augusta also so the increase of the freed slaves in the 1800s to 1850s, a very low amount of less than fifty to almost four hundred by 1860. These might have been not just freed slaves but born free men within the city life. These now free men would work as traded labors, drivers, house hands to collect the needed money for purchasing their friends and mostly family. (Olmsted)Most of the slaves in the city of Augusta were not residents or actual owned, as they were in transit being Augusta was a great slave trading center in Georgia only second to Savannah. The market for selling slaves were the African-born blacks, as seen in the Chronicle from 1806. These were actual illegal sales from the state constitution outlawing it in 1798but since Augusta's small size cooperation to Savannah most officials saw nothing. Interstate slave trading was the great income for Augusta in the slave trade. (Hammond) Ferries going to and from Augusta, roads from and into Hamburg and the railroad would move these people all over the plantations and farms of the south. In the "slave books" from the Clerk of Superior Court of Richmond County, the seasons of trade would be January, February, March, November and December for the harvest seasons were the other seven months of the year. From the 1860 federal census, the occupation of slave trader was at a high 28 percent showing that slave trade was just as old as Augusta and making it a standing income for the area. The volume sales were of the African born slaves in the how's that they would be less likely to fight back or try to leave but they were not the leading in price. An English traveler came across the Augusta slave market in the 1850s to state that she was a great number of slaves in the early ages from of twelve to twenty. But her sight of the height dollar sale was a new thing. The fair mulattoes, light skin usually mixed race slaves, that had the strong white features would sell for up to fifteen hundred dollars in which was about twice the rate of a darker skin girl of the same age. The genders mattered as well for the price in certain homes. A larger plantation would need females for the house works and caring of children, ether slave or children of their masters. The amount of slaves to slaveholders is understood from the Agriculture of the United States in 1860: Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census. Amount of slaveholders with less than 10 were more than six hundred showing that Richmond County of Augusta was not a slaveholding city but a slave trading city. This value of the property, as what slaves were to the people and government, was just over five hundred dollars with the state's average vale for the taxes $672. Taken from the Slaveholding in Antebellum Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia it state that "all classes were encouraged to believe that they would someday enhance their social status by becoming slave owners. Augusta and Richmond County's human property was thus quite valuable socially as well as economically on the eve of the American Civil War."
Augusta Building already
In the start of the war, two thousands of Augustans went to support the war effort and to represent the great city. The Idea of war was not in the minds of an event that will occur in the home town as the fight was so far. The invasion of the South caused the lower cities to remain safer in the start as the cost was great for traveling in the rural lands of the Confederate. In the city, the Augusta Arsenal was taken over by Confederate forces on January 24th of 1861, only five days after the state of Georgia seceded from the Union. The 80 plus men surrendered and the arsenal was heled till May four years later at the end of the Civil War. The takeover saw an expansion of the Arsenal as a five hundred production-shop building on the eastern side that aided in the making of weapons and munitions for the Confederate forces.( Davis) This productions gave assistants for the blockade's cause of lower imports of foreign weapons. This was in relations to the Confederate Power Works that also was linked to the Arsenal because the Powder works was constructed on the original pact before it was moved to the hill site in 1828. The connections was a great history and help to the war efforts. This made Augusta target for attack and siege. Governor Brown of Georgia saw this as towards the end with an order for destruction. The Mayor Robert H. May was told to burn the cotton stored in the warehouses in the rural parts of Augusta.( Benson) This was to prevent the Union Army collect the product and fund their forces further. May seeing that much drastic and told the planters to move their cotton to the outer city limits in turned protected the entire city from fire and destruction. This was in fear of Sherman's March to the Sea as he burned Atlanta and was pillaging the whole way through. The agreement being that they burning would be if the Union Troops reached the city of Hamburg, SC across the cier. This counter action caused the city of Augusta from not losing the loss income of cotton, the loss of future historic buildings and the furthering of the cotton industry. A bit pass the time frame allotted for this paper, however Robert May added much to the future of his Augusta. He was elected to his office for twelve years and oversaw expansion and a leader in winter resort tourism that added industry leaders as well as U.S. presidents. His leadership role caused Augusta to not fail like other cities after the war and was economically stronger in many ways.
Blockade.
The Union created a blockade in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Confederates ports were the target to disassemble the export of cotton and importing of war material. This was permeable through blockade runners and fake Union ships. However there was decline in the economic growth of the South during this and prevented the Confederates weapons that would be fabricated in the North as they were more industrialized.( Milestones) The more developed U.S. government of the North was able to have foreign countries to see the blockade as right of war and not to trespass into the Confederate land for sales of weapons and goods. Overall this blockage was not so successful for the goods of cotton, weapons and other foods were still being smuggled in the ports as well as through Mexico, Bahamas and Cuba. The Battle of Fort Sumter cause the U.S. Secretary of State William Henry Seward to suggest this blockade as it stated the Civil War. This not only was quickly adopted by the U.S. Government but coursed the Confederate to be a Hostile and nation to be engaged in war as to international law. (Soley) This status of belligerent made the South to have a target on the world stage. By the end of the summer, Great Britain, Spain and Brazil were on board that cause the export of cotton to be officially non-existing. Thus the blockade was now and international situation of foreign ships being seized for search, as they were not always done per international law as set forth in this blockade. The blockade was more of a political move to flex the muscles of the U.S. Government toward the defile Confederate states. In these efforts cause the U.S. to have now conflict with the British government once again. (Fisher) The furthering negative impact was the high unemployment in textile manufacturing regions of Britain and France in which Southern cotton was their import. The markets in the Confederacy of wine, brandy and silk also caused suffering in France. The neutrality of these two country would cause the market of cotton to go to Egypt and India in turn the South losing that income of the future.
Construction of the Confederate Powder Works, was the start of manufacturing in Augusta from the gunpowder at the start to cotton and textile later. This construction was done for many reasons. Location of the Augusta was in the idea place for the transportation of the goods developed. Augusta's placement on the river was ideal for the building of many achievements in the early history; Augusta Canal, Confederate Power Works and the many factories that used the canal's water power. (Beringer) The canal and river gave affordable, reliable and economical mode of transportation for material to be manufacture. Augusta gave the growth opportunity for the mechanics, employees, construction workers and new business owners a homestead. Local natural resources for building material was easy accessed with wood, sands, pure waters and stones for permanent structures. (Cumming) Nature was also on the side of this construction as the climate was mild year long. Augusta being chosen for this permeant construction would begin a boost in economy with jobs, influx of population and more goods for commerce. Confederate Colonel George W. Rains chose Augusta to have this construction completed, as it was the only permanent buildings ever completed by the government of the Confederate States of America. There were 28 powder works building that made it was way down river for two miles. (Hunt) At the erection of the works was in a good time for there was many builders and manufacturers out of work from the war, this created the low cost to be under three hundred and eighty-five thousand dollars (over nine million in 2014). September 13th 1861 was the beginnings of a great start to the history of the Confederate, the South and Augusta. The service provided to the Confederate Government was instantly seen after the completion was done in seven months and production gave one million pounds in the first year of the war; in turn cost only million eighty thousand dollars providing a savings to the government one million nine hundred twenty dollars. (Rains) In the construction of the works, Augusta and Hamburg brick yards worked at compete capacity to provide the five million needed. For the three years it was in commenting, Confederate Powder Works produced two million seven hundred fifty thousand pounds of gunpowder. There was no accidents, explosions or mishaps during the three years in which have the great amount of product made. Not only powder but the whole of the Augusta Powder Works produced nitre, lead, rifles, shoes and buttons as stated that the was the most impress of the publicly owned factories and was "the largest nationally owned factory system in the world to that time." (Why the South Lost the Civil War)
After the American Civil War
The wages of the South comparative to the North fell drastically after the War. This decline was long lasting in the overall region. Interest rates and cost of such capital increased as it stayed in the rest of the 19th century. Slaves that now are free and ex owners are now in a labor struggle of how to now do fair wages for fair work. (Lindert) Owners now needed to look for increase of income to afford the is great change. This now developed effects on the labor production of agriculture and decreases in labor participation as the shit of the world's demand for cotton is not the South. The idea of production of military goods now is over as well as the collective South is having to become a region that has zero slavery but increase the export to make up the losses from the Civil War. (Hutchinson) Manufacturing was not sector in the South before the war and now in the aftermath Southern businesses were now in a scrabble to create business model without slavery and a War. Margon and Hutchinson states in "The Impact of the Civil War on Capital Intensity and Labor Productivity in Southern Manufacturing" decline in the per capita income on the South is from internal decrease in the overall industry of manufacturing was from the slavery's immortal role before the War as the market was open and moving.( Tiemann) Transportation from the various manufactured good was increased in technology of steamboats, canals (Augusta Canal being one of those), railroads (expansion in Augusta) and road ways. This increase of the nation's infrastructure was forsaken by the great negative impact of the War as the output of product changed from consumer goods to military productions. This recover for the South was a hard burden to bear as the assistance was little from the North or foreign aid. After this war, Southern culture was drastically changed as its economy was now going to base on a different model. The model before was production of raw goods for low cost in high volumes but now was needed be same demand as well as same cost that was not going to happen with the lack of slave labor. Unlike some other southern cities devastated by the Civil War and General Sherman's march through Georgia and South Carolina, Augusta ended the war in "better condition than any other cities in this section of the South," reported the Augusta Chronicle in December 1865. The population had doubled, and hard currency was available to finance recovery.
No Change.
The war was effecting every soul in the North, South and overseas.
Pay back
The understanding the cotton was Confederate owned and if a Southern was able to prove loss of said cotton a recompense could be awarded. In 1872 passed a law stating the payment would cover the private cotton seized after June 1865. The gain from the nearly decade of losses would help the Recovery of the South. Of the five million bales of cotton accounted for in the south at the time, three million were taken as a Cotton Tax for the loss of life and supply in the War. The North was in a reliance the came from cotton just like the South had done from its vast demand. (Williamson) This handled the North's attempt to recover the Confederacy for the decade till this new law. This tax collected a huge amount of sixty-eight million dollars in that fact that cotton was the South's only true cash crop and was the largest industry. After the war, South was so dismembered that this was the only way to recover the nation as a whole and since the South started the war, it was to be there duty to pay for it. 1865 saw the first levy tax of two and a half cents a pound, then a half cent increase the next year.( Coulter) This was unconstitutional as it was only on farm products, not to mention it ease the first indefensible tax, as well as an export tax. This was unsocial and unwise as it was furthering the impoverished people of the South from the war as well as not having representation in Congress to fight against the apparent revenge tax on the people that tried to separate the young nation. Price of cotton was drastically changing from the taxing and influence of the Northern officials. The price was a fifth of the market value in 1865 and selling at only $65 a bale in which twelve and a half dollars were to the United States government as taxes.
Not all economy of the south was to do with taxes or products. Human life was a great loss as it was the force in development of the agriculture industry. War brings destruction to the future generations as the loss of the young lives has to rebuild without. The solider not killed by the fighting but wounded will create a hardship for the surveying community that now will have a burden. Two hundred and fifty thousand white men would not return to the population of over five million in turn would cause a great battle to overcome the loss of fathers, sons and husbands. Over the decade, southern states spend a great deal of money for the lack of limbs. South Carolina spent twenty thousand and Georgia spend over thirty-five thousands a year for the revenues of artificial arms and legs as the wounded were to be taken care as the benefits of being a solider. Economy was so stretched on the returning solider, the Confederate veterans would wear the infamous grey uniform out of necessity with Federal authorities disliking the rebellious buttons showing off. An example of the Federal takeover of the South is with Wade Hamptons.( Coulter) His estate, held in Georgia for over three generations, saw a fall and his fortune of $160,000 taken for the Reconstructions. As a cotton merchant, he could not return to his understood work plus the inability to follow the new business methods caused him to state that he would go somewhere unknown to the outside world and survive alone till his life was done. This was a wealthy man that lost it all from the takeover of the North and now wished to pass the rest of his life in nothing.
Food was not being grown as the labor was gone from death and freed slaves. This was now a problem. The new nation was falling and failing. An epidemic of famine was coming across the South. The Northern states were now, 1870ish, coming to the aid as opposite of the invading that was just going on in the areas. The ruins of untilled fields, single chimneys and burned houses were the locations of the families not able to feed their children. (Foner) The loss from the Civil War was not only the farming lands but the aristocrats, middle class merchants and freed former slaves that all now either saw a loss of industry or income from the loss of the war. In1867, the United States Army divided up the supplies to the needy as the famine conditions were worsening. New York Sothern Relief Association sent corn to the sound and New York Southern Famine Relief Commission collected over two hundred thousand dollars in hope for this famine to end. A million dollars was put forth from Philadelphia's Southern Famine Relief Fund and actual Congress. The relief produced the ability for Southern states to develop their own funds after the total of three million dollars were collected; which would be $50,000,000 today. (Williamson)
Labor now
Freedmen's Bureau gave the power to the men and women that were now free after the war. This process was hard for the slaves to do as many could not read or write. Not to mention they had no idea of money for wages. In 1865, the new appointed Assistant Commissioner for the state of Georgia, General Davis Tilson set an issue for wage for the Freedmen's labor. (Thompson) The wage of minimum twelve dollars for men and eight a month for women was in the upper and middle Georgia. Freedmen was to have their own clothing and medicines by their wages. The coastal lands produced larger crops in turn made larger wages of fifteen dollars for the men and ten for the women as well as the planter's option of share of the crop to give as payment instead.
Conclusion





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The north-south wage gap, before and after the civil war. National bureau of economic research.
https://books.google.com/books?id=YJAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=wages+in+Augusta+GA+of+1850&source=bl&ots=VYDAfr1ayX&sig=q241DyraRYH9nUP5T_UhMu_TM5c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W1Q8VdvfCYWhNoXEgcAC&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false
DONNIE D. BELLAMY AND DIANE E. WALKER Slaveholding in Antebellum Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/Phylon-1987.pdf

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/plantation.htm
Olmsted's account appears in: Olmsted, Frederick, Law, (Arthur M. Schlesinger ed.), The Cotton Kingdom (1953); Nevins, Allan, Ordeal of the Union (1947)
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2536601340.html
Reprinted in Selections from the Letters and Speeches of the Hon. James H. Hammond, of South Carolina (New York: John F. Trow & Co., 1866), pages 311-322. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/cotton-is-king/
Milestones: 1861–1865. The Blockade of Confederate Ports, 1861–1865
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/blockade
Fort Fisher, NE Bastion. Frank Vizetelly (National Geographic). Running the Blockade: A Civil War Naval Blog
http://runningtheblockade.blogspot.com/search/label/Augusta%20Georgia
Blockade!
The Blockading of Southern Seaports during the Civil War
by James Russel Soley, USN 2014 Civil War Trust
http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/navy-hub/navy-history/blockade.html
Beringer, Richard; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Why the South Lost the Civil War. University og Georia Press. Georgia. 1986
https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz4T6pd6vLYC&pg=PA558&lpg=PA558&dq=Blockade+of+Civil+war+in+Augusta+GA&source=bl&ots=ts28OlD3jJ&sig=dM5CLZwtIzv_1NtnAP6b-xAnWRA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yqA9VbHlDsnSggSE8YH4Cg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Augusta&f=false

Cumming, Joseph Bryan. Joseph Bryan Cummin papers. Georgua Historical Society. MS 0188. 1893-1983
http://ghs.galileo.usg.edu/ghs/pdf/MS%200188.pdf
Hunt, Freeman. Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review. Vol 26. New York. 1852
https://books.google.com/books?id=YJAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=wages+in+Augusta+GA+of+1850&source=bl&ots=VYDAfr1ayX&sig=q241DyraRYH9nUP5T_UhMu_TM5c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W1Q8VdvfCYWhNoXEgcAC&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rains, Geo. W. History of the Confederate Powder Works. Neburgh Daily News Print, New York. 1882
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24537/24537-h/24537-h.htm
Lindert, Peter H.; Williamson, Jeffery G. American Income 1774-1860
http://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/cromer/e211_f12/LindertWilliamson.pdf

Hutchinson, William; Margo, Robert. The Impact of the Civil War on Capital Intensity and Labor Productibity in Southern Manufacturing. National Burean of Economic Research. JEL No. N61, N91. November 2004
http://www.nber.org/papers/w10886.pdf

The letter from Frank Tiemann to his father in New York tell that that gold is at 150 and cotton is thirty cents. The gold was used to get the cotton at cost of only seventeen cents. He states that there is a fear of it going up in a higher price.
http://dmna.ny.gov/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/159thInf/Tiemann/Letters/To_Julius_Tiemann/From_WF_Tiemann/1865/Tiemann_18650710_Father.pdf
Williamson, Samuel H. "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to present," Measuring Worth, April 2015.
Coulter, Ellis Merton. The South during Reconstruction, 1865-1877 . A History of the South. Volume 8. Louisiana State University Press. 1947
https://books.google.com/books?id=gOAucMOGiSUC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=price+of+cotton+in+1865&source=bl&ots=U6daXwg_rc&sig=0QeYiV-UDhhfnNOQLqkUyO8iPJE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8Ak7VcSeGYKnNtq0gMAH&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=price%20of%20cotton%20in%201865&f=false




Thompson, Clara Mildred. Reconstruction in Georgia: Economic, Social, And Political. Volume 64, Issue 1. New York. 1915
https://books.google.com/books?id=i5shAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA405&lpg=PA405&dq=1870+economy+of+augusta+georgia&source=bl&ots=takiArGxD-&sig=BQQJPblKPuZf4avxkpybMxLWOU8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oq09Ve8fwpg2rbiEgAY&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=augusta&f=false
Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988);

Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (New York: Basic Books, 1986).