Carlos Ribeiro

R

6338

Ribeiro, Carlos

by Latindex (Folio Nº 18899) and Anthropological Literature (Harvard University, Hollis Catalog Nº 011292952). It was anticipated that the journal be converted to digital form and made available under the open-access modality. This goal is closely linked to the original intention of informing the greatest number of people of the results published within.

Cross-References ▶ Brazil: Historical Archaeology ▶ Funari, Pedro Paulo A. (Historical Archaeology) ▶ Hispanic South America: Historical Archaeology ▶ Orser, Jr., Charles E. ▶ Scha´velzon, Daniel ▶ Vestı´gios, Revista Latino-Americana de Arqueologia Histo´rica

Ribeiro, Carlos, Fig. 1 Carlos Ribeiro

Further Reading

Major Accomplishments

REVISTA DE ARQUEOLOGI´A HISTO´RICA ARGENTINA Y LATINOAMERICANA. n.d. Available at: www.arqhistorica. com.ar.

Carlos Ribeiro was an officer of artillery in the liberal army, being promoted to Second Lieutenant in 1840, to Captain in 1851, to Major in 1866, and to Colonel in 1875. A short time before his death, he retired as General. Contact with another artillery officer, Jose´ Vitorino Dama´sio, allowed Ribeiro to acquire knowledge of metallurgy and mines. This provided the experience for him to be the Inaugural Director of the Secc¸a˜o de Minas e Repartic¸a˜o Te´cnica (Section of Mines and Technical Department) of the Ministe´rio das Obras Pu´blicas (Ministry of Public Works) when this ministry was created in 1852. This position allowed Ribeiro to supervise and stimulate mining research in the country. Ribeiro’s research and professional activities included organization of the Geological Chart of Portugal, which he started in 1862. Participation in several international conferences in the discipline saw him engage in the European archaeological movement, mainly in terms of debates around the so-called Homem Tercia´rio

Ribeiro, Carlos Fernando A. Coimbra1 and Silve´rio M. D. Figueiredo2 1 Quaternary & Prehistory Group, Centre for Geosciences, Coimbra, Portugal 2 Instituto Polite´cnico de Tomar, Tomar, Portugal

Basic Biographical Information Carlos Ribeiro (1813–1882) (Fig. 1) was born in Lisbon in 1813 and died in 1882. He was a pioneer in Portuguese geology and archaeology. He is considered as the “Father” of Portuguese prehistoric archaeology.

Rice: Origins and Development

Portugueˆs (Portuguese Tertiary Man). This subject, among others, was discussed in 1880 in Lisbon, during the IX International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archaeology. Before this event, Carlos Ribeiro had carried out a series of archaeological surveys and excavations, gathering an excellent collection of prehistoric artifacts for the Comissa˜o Geolo´gica de Portugal (Geological Commission of Portugal). In addition to organizing this Congress, Carlos Ribeiro discovered, studied, and published several prehistoric lithic objects that he found at Ota, which he called “sı´lexes da Ota” (the flint from Ota). The pioneering aspects of his studies into prehistoric materials in Portugal gave him the title of “Father” of Portuguese Prehistoric Archaeology. In 1887, 5 years after his death, several researchers established the Sociedade Carlos Ribeiro at Oporto, an association in archaeology and the natural sciences. This association established a journal that published articles by eminent scholars, such as Paul Choffat, Jose´ Leite de Vasconcelos, and Francisco Martins Sarmento.

Cross-References ▶ Europe: Early Upper Paleolithic ▶ Geoarchaeology ▶ Human Evolution: Theory and Progress

Further Reading RIBEIRO, C. 1850. Estudos geologicos do Bussaco. O Atheneu 52: 410-413. - 1867. Note sur le terrain quaternaire du Portugal. Bulletin de la Socie´te´ Ge´ologique de France 24 : 692-717. - 1871. Memoria sobre a descripc¸a˜o de alguns silex e quartzites lascados encontrados nas camadas dos terrenos Terciario e Quaternario das bacias do Tejo e Sado. Lisboa: Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa. - 1880. L’homme tertiaire en Portugal. Extrait du Compte-rendu du congre`s international d’anthropologie et d’arche´ologie pre´historiques en 1880. Lisboa: Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa.

6339

R

Rice: Origins and Development Dorian Q. Fuller and Cristina Castillo Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK

Basic Species Information The genus Oryza consists of 24 species, among which two domesticated species are recognized. On the one hand, there is Asian rice, Oryza sativa; today one of the most widely grown and productive of world crops, which had its origins in southern and eastern Asia. On the other hand, there is African rice, Oryza glaberrima, which is native to and mostly restricted to western Africa (see Fig. 1). Asian rice is conventionally divided into two subspecies, subsp. japonica and subsp. indica, although more recent genetics suggests that five distinct groups should be recognized within O. sativa (Garris et al. 2005): indica, aus, tropical japonica, temperate japonica, and aromatic. Rice is closely related to bamboos but distantly related to the major cereals maize, wheat, and sorghum (Vaughan 1994). Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima and their wild progenitors are diploids (2n ¼ 24) with AA genomes. Asian rice is closely related to a wild complex of annual and perennial species, often recognized as Oryza nivara and O. rufipogon, while African rice is domesticated from the annual O. barthii, which in turn is close to perennial O. longistaminata (Agnoun et al. 2012). Rice is cultivated in a wide range of ecological habitats, from dryland to wetland fields, to terraces cut in the slopes of hills and even in deep water up to 4 m. It can grow in altitudes from sea level to 3,000 m and is cultivated as far north as 50 in China and as far south as 40 in Argentina (Vaughan 1994; Fuller et al. 2011). Under rainfed conditions, 800 mm of rainfall can be taken as a minimum with higher precipitation preferred. African rice is a traditional staple over major areas of western Africa, while Asian rice is the staple cereal of the most densely populated countries and regions. Many varieties exist,

R